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The word is a mere Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:56:31 +0000 1 The earlier descriptions of the mental processes involved in the use of language all started and ended with the assumption that words get their meanings by association with images in the speakers mind or in the mind of the listener. 1 When one hears a word, we have been told, he calls up a train of pictures, and these are the really im- portant mental facts. The word is a mere clue, a kind of key to the storehouse of meanings. Autor of the post: Undefined This obvious fact Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:37:33 +0000 There has been at all stages of the discussion a very large disregard, almost a contempt, for the word as distinguished from the associated image. Indeed, the word has been so much neglected that one obvious fact has been overlooked in most of the dis- cussions. This obvious fact is that speech in all of its manifold forms is more than a mere train of ideas ; it is a definite and important kind of behavior. Autor of the post: Undefined If one reads, there Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:26:07 +0000 There is a move- ment of some muscles of the body present in every form of speech and reading. If one articulates a word, there is a most elaborate coordination of the muscles of respiration, of the vocal-cord region, and of the mouth. If one reads, there are eye movements and incipient movements of the muscles of articulation. Autor of the post: Undefined Furthermore, there is ample ground Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 0:09:38 +0000 If one listens, there are adjust- ments of the head and ears, and active vocal tendencies to repeat what one hears, and active forms of inner reactions of assent and dissent. Even if it were true that words always call up images, it is infinitely more true that words are forms of behavior, and their value in individual life can be understood only when this behavior-aspect of the matter is duly considered. Furthermore, there is ample ground in personal experience for skepticism about the statement often made that words call up trains of pictures. Autor of the post: Undefined When a false psychology tries Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:58:19 +0000 The few faint images which flit through the mind as one reads a page of meaningful discussion are by no means the important facts in mental life whicli some psychologies have tried to make them. When one looks into his own mind he finds wealth of meaning and meagerness of imagery. When a false psychology tries to persuade the observer that the images pass through the mind too rapidly to be noted, he has a right to ask for a more vital and adequate explanation of this most important form of experience. Autor of the post: Undefined The teacher of manual training Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:45:01 +0000 There is one other aspect of the matter which calls for comment before we turn to the study of words as forms of behavior. Up to this time the breach between words and practical activities has been complete. The teacher of manual training has scorned words, and the teacher of Eng- lish lias looked down on shop work. Autor of the post: Undefined What is the nature Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:34:48 +0000 These mutual antipa- thies grow out of a vagueness with regard to the character of the mental processes connected with words and with manual activities. If we are ever to adjust the so-called academic subjects and the technical subjects, we must be perfectly clear that shop work and Latin are both forms of behavior. What is the nature of one form of behavior, what the nature of the other ? These are questions which must be answered, in order to give to each subject its proper place and its proper relations. Autor of the post: Undefined The muscles of the body Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:16:16 +0000 Language as a form of behavior must be studied in con- nection with other forms of behavior and with reference to its development. We may, therefore, at the outset call attention to the fact that everyone, throughout his waking life, is intensely active. The muscles of the body are always tense. Autor of the post: Undefined The ordinary observer is likely Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 23:02:11 +0000 This tension of the muscles is due to the fact that the stream of sensory energy which goes in at the eyes and ears pours out into all the muscles of the body and main- tains a general bodily tension or muscular tonus. When a special impression comes to the senses and arouses a par- ticular set of muscles, a single definite contraction, as, for example, a contraction of the muscles of the arm, rises above the general bodily tension, and the arm moves through space. The ordinary observer is likely to overlook the fact that the body was active before the arm moved. Autor of the post: Undefined The muscles of the body Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 22:51:25 +0000 He will see the matter in a new light, however, if he thinks how much work is done all the time in holding up the body or the head during waking hours. If the muscles of the neck relax for a moment the head falls forward. The muscles of the body are likewise active all the time; and the particular movements of which we think when the term " activity " is ordinarily used are mere special cases of a general muscular tension. 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