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We have the same sort Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 18:41:54 +0000 As the singer takes the high pitch which no member of the audience could imitate, there is an incipient tendency to draw ones self together in a supreme effort to follow the note which is being produced. If, for any reason, the sound is not accurately produced, there is a violent reaction of disappointment, which is so obviously a physical reaction that one who has experienced it needs no argument to persuade him that appreciation in this case is a genuine physical matter. We have the same sort of sympathy with a person who is using the muscles of his arms and back in trying to lift a great weight. Autor of the post: Undefined Before James wrote his great Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 18:29:11 +0000 It is not necessary that we should lift the weight with him in order to have sympathy with what he is doing ; it is enough that our eyes see him and our muscles grow tense in watching his efforts to lift the weight The reader who has never realized the importance of behavior in determining the character of individual con- sciousness has undoubtedly been growing more and more restless as the foregoing pages have omitted all mention of images and ideas and have set forth the relation of reac- tions to appreciation. This emphasis on reactions came into psychology with the James-Lange doctrine of the emo- tions. Before James wrote his great work l the psychologies were utterly deficient in their treatment of emotions. Autor of the post: Undefined When one enjoys looking Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 18:16:34 +0000 There was a descriptive classification of emotions but no explana- tion of their character and conditions. James went further than any writers before him, and pointed out that it is evi- dent that emotions cannot be explained by the facts of sensation. When one enjoys looking at a certain shade of blue and is displeased with a certain shade of yellow, the pleasure and displeasure attaching to these colors cannot be explained by referring to the retinal processes involved. Autor of the post: Undefined This doctrine worked out Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 18:02:12 +0000 The sensations have quality and intensity, but the feeling tone is due to the reactions which they arouse. The blue color makes the circulatory and respiratory organs act in a way wholly different from that in which they act during the observation of yellow. This doctrine worked out by James and Lange is an explanation of one group of mental processes which the sensory psychology could not deal with except in the most general descriptive terms. Autor of the post: Undefined Space as an arrangement Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 17:44:02 +0000 The theory of the emotions sketched above has influ- enced psychological thought in all directions. To-day we recognize that there are many aspects of experience other than emotions which can be understood only by the study of reactions. Space as an arrangement of sensations is the product of our efforts to organize our responses to sensa- tions. Autor of the post: Undefined The individual who is concentrating Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 17:25:25 +0000 This was discussed in an earlier chapter. The facts of attention can be best understood when we refer to activ- ity. The individual who is concentrating on an object is turning all his motor processes in the direction of that object. Autor of the post: Undefined The term " behavior " Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 17:13:34 +0000 The processes of discrimination are processes of varied response. In short, wherever sensations are organ- ized or arranged we are dealing with processes of behavior. The term " behavior " is not used in any large and loose sense. Autor of the post: Undefined The reason why up Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 16:58:30 +0000 Behavior means bodily reaction and the nervous organization on which bodily reaction depends. The reason why right and left are so clearly distinguished is that these are sharply contrasted directions in which action may be turned. The reason why up and down are recognized as different is the same. Autor of the post: Undefined The same sound goes Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 16:38:40 +0000 The reason why we classify altruis- tic outgoing effort as opposed to narrow selfishness is to be explained by the motor attitudes which are attached to these contrasted words and ideas. Another general topic which the psychology of behavior finds it very profitable to discuss is the problem of individ- ual differences. The same sound goes in at the ears of two different individuals. Autor of the post: Undefined The experiences which arise Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 16:19:39 +0000 We have every reason to assume that each individual experiences a sensation essentially like that of all other human beings stimulated by the same sound, but how vastly different are the results of the two stim- ulations! The one individual hearing the sound remains unmoved and inactive ; the other is aroused to the most strenuous endeavor. The one has no organized tendencies to react to the sound ; the other has. The experiences which arise in the two minds will reflect very little of the common sensation element present in both cases. 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